Phonology 1

Phonology

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

Consonants are made with air stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavities.

On the articulatory level the consonants change:

1. In the degree of noise.
2. In the manner of articulation.
3. In the place of articulation.

1. THE DEGREE OF NOISE

1. Noise Consonants

1. In the work of the vocal cords –
2. The degree of force of articulation –

2. Sonorants are

3. THE MANNER OF ARTICULATION

According to the manner of articulation consonants may be of 3 groups:

1. Occlusive
2. Constrictive
3. Occlusive-constrictive (affricates)

1.

Occlusive consonants may be PLOSIVES –

Occlusive consonants may be SONORANTS or NASAL –

2.

Constrictive consonants may be NOISE or FRICATIVES -

Constrictive consonants may be SONORANTS or ORAL –

3.

Occlusive-constrictive (affricates) are noise –

4. THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION

a) According to the position of the active organ of speech against the point of articulation (place of articulation) consonants may be:

1. Labial
2. Lingual
3. Glottal

1.

Labial may be BILABIAL and LABIO-DENTAL.

BILABIAL -

LABIO-DENTAL –

2.

Lingual may be FORELINGUAL, MEDIOLINGUAL, BACKLINGUAL.

FORELINGUAL may be APICAL and CACUMINAL.

APICAL –

CACUMINAL –

b) According to the place of obstruction FORELINGUAL consonants may be:

Interdental –

Alveolar –

Post – alveolar –

Palato – alveolar –

MEDIOLINGUAL or PALATAL –

BACKLINGUAL or VELAR –

THE GLOTTAL -

Classification of Consonants

	Note: Click on  to hear the associated sound. The sound is a vowel if the air, once out of the glottis, is allowed to pass relatively1 freely through the resonators. The sound is a consonant if the air, once out of the glottis, is obstructed, partially or totally, in one or more places.  Voiced consonants contain vocal chord vibration. Unvoiced consonants have no vibration.2 Consonants are classified according to manner of production, place of production, and voicing. The table immediately below (Ling, 1976, p. 259)3 provides a summary. Following that is brief explanation of the salient features. Classification of Consonants P  L A  C  E FRONT MIDDLE BACK Bilabial Labiodental Linguadental Alveolar Palatar Velar Glottal M A N N E R Plosives/Stops Unvoiced Voiced [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] Fricatives Unvoiced Voiced [f] [v] [] [ð] [s] [z] [] [] [h] Nasals Voiced [m] [n] [] Semivowels (Approximates) Voiced [w] [j] Liquids Voiced [l] [r] Affricates Unvoiced Voiced [t] [d] Classification of Consonants: Salient Features
	Manner: How sounds are made Plosives Vocal tract is blocked There is a build-up of air pressure and then the airstream is abruptly released. Fricatives Airstream is directed through a narrow constriction in the vocal tract. The air forced through the narrow constriction creates turbulence or friction. Nasals Closed vocal tract and open velopharyngeal port Air flows through the nasal cavity. Affricates Combination of a stop and a fricative = quick release of a sound (stop) followed by an air sound (fricative).  Example: /t/ is a combination of /t/ and // Liquids Vowel-like sounds produced with an open vocal tract Semivowels/Glides A gliding motion from one vowel to a second vowel is made by the articulators.
	Voicing: Whether sounds involve vocal cord vibration Voiced consonants = vocal cord vibration Voiceless consonants = no vibration Place: where sounds are made in the mouth  Bilabial.  Sounds made with the lips. /b/, /p/, /m/, and /w/ Labio-dental.  Sounds made with the lips and teeth. /f/ and /v/ Lingua-dental.  The tongue tip touches the inside margin of the upper central incisors. // and / ð/ (Lingua)alveolar. Sounds made with the tongue touching or almost touching the alveolar ridge which lies behind the upper central incisors. /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, and /l/. Palatal.  This area is behind the alveolar ridge. / j /, /r/, //, //, / t/, / d/  Velar.  The velum (soft palate) is in front of the uvula. /k/, /g/, and // Glottal.  The glottis is the most posterior place of articulation and /h/ is the only English consonant made here. Notes: 1In vowels, the air passes relatively freely. The tongue, in its varied positions, does create some obstruction, but the air is not really passing freely as it does in breathing, for example. 2Using the presence or absence of vocal chord vibration to differentiate physiologically between voiced and unvoiced consonants is technically accurate, particularly if one only considers the sounds in isolation.  For example, the fricatives, such as  // and /s/ can be produced in isolation and have no vocal chord vibration.  Their voiced partners, the /zh/ and the /z/, both clearly have vocal chord vibration. However, for the plosives the situation is a little trickier.  Now the acoustic differentiation between voiced and unvoiced sounds in co-articulated syllables becomes the most meaningful.  It is not actually possible to produce a plosive sound without it being followed by a vowel.  Even in whispering a "p," one is actually producing a whispered /p/ sound.  3Adapted from: Ling D. (1976) Speech and the Hearing-Impaired Child: Theory and Practice. Washington DC: AG Bell, p. 259.

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