Suprasegmental
In speech, a phonological property of more than one sound segment.
Suprasegmental information applies to several different linguistic phenomena, as discussed in Examples and Observations, below.
See also:
- Assimilation and Dissimilation
- Connected Speech
- Intonation
- Morpheme and Phoneme
- Phonetics and Phonology
- Prosody
- Syllable
- Word Boundaries
Examples and Observations:
- "Vowels
and consonants are considered as small segments of the
speech, which together form a syllable and make the utterance. Specific features that are superimposed on
the utterance of the speech are known as supra-segmental features.
Common supra-segmental features are the stress,
tone and duration in the syllable or word for a continuous speech
sequence. Sometimes even harmony and nasalization are also included under
this category. Supra-segmental or prosodic features are often used in the
context of speech to make it more meaningful and effective. Without
supra-segmental features superimposed on the segmental features, a
continuous speech can also convey meaning but often loses the effectivess
of the message being conveyed."
(Manisha Kulshreshtha, C.P. Singh, and R.M. Sharma, "Speaker Profiling: The Study of Acoustic Characteristics Based on Phonetic Features of Hindi Dialects for Forensic Speaker Identification." Forensic Speaker Recognition: Law Enforcement and Counter-Terrorism, ed. by Amy Neustein and Hemant A. Patil. Springer, 2012)
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"A very obvious suprasegmental is intonation, since an intonation pattern by definition extends over a whole utterance or a sizable piece of an utterance. . . . Less obvious is stress, but not only is stress a property of a whole syllable but the stress level of a syllable can only be determined by comparing it with neighboring syllables which have greater or lesser degrees of stress. . . .
"The American structuralists also treated juncture phenomena as suprasegmental. Differences in juncture are the reason that night rate does not sound like nitrate, or why choose like white shoes, and why the consonants in the middle of pen-knife and lamp-post are the way they are. Since these items contain essentially the same sequences of segments, the junctural differences have to be described in terms of different juncture placement within sequences of segments.
"In most of these cases, the phonetic realization of the suprasegmental actually extends over more than one segment, but the key point is that, in all of them, the description of the suprasegmental must involve reference to more than one segment."
(R.L. Trask, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., edited by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) - Suprasegmental
Information
"Suprasegmental information is signaled in speech with variations in duration, pitch, and amplitude (loudness). Information like this helps the hearer segment the signal into words, and can even affect lexical searches directly.
"In English, lexical stress serves to distinguish words from each other . . .; for example, compare trusty and trustee. Not surprisingly, English speakers are attentive to stress patterns during lexical access . . ..
"Suprasegmental information can be used to identify the location of word boundaries also. In languages like English or Dutch, monosyllabic words are durationally very different than polysyllabic words. For example, the [hæm] in ham has longer duration than it does in hamster. An investigation by Salverda, Dahan, and McQueen (2003) demonstrates that this durational information is actively used by the hearer."
(Eva M. Fernández and Helen Smith Cairns, Fundamentals of Psycholinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011)
- Suprasegmental
and Prosodic
"Although the terms 'suprasegmental' and 'prosodic' to a large extent coincide in their scope and reference, it is nevertheless sometimes useful, and desirable, to distinguish them. To begin with, a simple dichotomy 'segmental' vs. 'suprasegmental' does not do justice to the richness of phonological structure 'above' the segment; . . . this structure is complex, involving a variety of different dimensions, and prosodic features cannot simply be seen as features which are superimposed on segments. More importantly, a distinction can be made between 'suprasegmental' as a mode of description on the one hand and 'prosodic' as a kind of feature on the other. In other words, we may use the term 'suprasegmental' to refer to a particular formalization in which a phonological feature can be analyzed in this way, whether it is prosodic or not. The term 'prosodic,' on the other hand, can be applied to certain features of utterances regardless of how they are formalized; prosodic features can, in principle, be analysed segmentally as well as suprasegmentally. To give a more concrete example, in some theoretical frameworks features such as nasality or voice may be treated suprasegmentally, as having extent beyond the limits of a single segment. In the usage adopted here, however, such features are not prosodic, even though they may be amenable to suprasegmental analysis."
(Anthony Fox, Prosodic Features and Prosodic Structure: The Phonology of Suprasegmentals. Oxford University Press, 2000)
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